Egypt Civilisation Series: “What do you know about…?” Nation House Museum

The House of the Nation Museum

The House of the Nation is a renowned historical museum located in Cairo, Egypt. It is a significant landmark that preserves Egypt's modern history, particularly the period of the 1919 Revolution. This museum serves as a living memory of Egypt's struggle against British colonialism.

Foundation:

The museum's history dates back to the early 20th century. The house that now houses the museum was once the residence of Saad Zaghloul, a prominent leader of Egypt's national movement. After his death, the house was transformed into a museum to preserve his personal belongings and artifacts that reflect his political and revolutionary journey against British occupation. The museum honors the legacy of Saad Zaghloul, who led the 1919 Revolution against British colonialism and became a symbol of Egypt's national struggle.

Origin of the Name "House of the Nation":

The naming of Saad Zaghloul's house as the "House of the Nation" is a story steeped in deep meaning, reflecting the national leader's profound impact on the hearts of Egyptians.

The Story Behind the Name:

The origin of the name can be traced back to an incident in the early 20th century. After Saad Zaghloul and his companions met with the British High Commissioner to discuss the demands of the Egyptian people, they began collecting signatures for a petition demanding independence. During the discussion of drafting the petition, a heated debate arose between Saad Zaghloul and some leaders of the National Party regarding the wording of the authorization that would be granted to Saad Zaghloul and his companions to represent the Egyptian people before the British authorities.

Some voices insisted that the authorization should be in the name of the National Party, but Saad Zaghloul insisted that it should be in the name of the "Egyptian Nation" as a whole, to express the unity and solidarity of the people in demanding their rights. During this heated debate, one of those present reportedly said to Saad Zaghloul, "This is the House of the Nation," to which Saad Zaghloul replied with a smile, "And I relinquish this addition." Since then, Saad Zaghloul's house has been known as the "House of the Nation."

Location:

The House of the Nation Museum is located on Saad Zaghloul Street in Cairo Governorate.

Museum Contents:

The House of the Nation Museum houses a vast collection of Saad Zaghloul's personal belongings, as well as numerous historical documents related to the 1919 Egyptian Revolution and British occupation. Some of the most significant items found in the museum include:

1.    Saad Zaghloul's personal belongings: The museum includes some of his personal items, such as his clothes, glasses, personal papers, and some of his favorite books.

2.    Historical photographs: The museum's walls are adorned with a collection of photographs documenting Saad Zaghloul's life, from his early years to his participation in the national movement, including photos taken during his exile on the island of Malta after the 1919 Revolution.

3.    Historical documents: The museum preserves a collection of documents that narrate the story of the Egyptians' struggle against British occupation. These documents include political letters and correspondence between Saad Zaghloul and national leaders, as well as documents related to the 1919 Revolution.

4.    House furniture: The museum displays the furniture that Saad Zaghloul used in his daily life within his home, helping visitors visualize the personal life of this great leader.

5.    Books and rare books: The museum houses a collection of books that were part of Saad Zaghloul's library, reflecting his interest in literature and political thought, as well as historical and cultural books that played a significant role in shaping his national consciousness.

The Transfer of Saad Zaghloul's Remains to the Mausoleum:

In 1936, the Wafd Party government, led by Mustafa Pasha Nahas, initiated the process of transferring Saad Zaghloul's remains to his mausoleum on Fulk Street, which overlooks the House of the Nation. Nahas Pasha designated June 19, 1936, as the day to commemorate the transfer of the nation's leader's remains, which had been resting in Imam Shafi'i Cemetery for nearly nine years.

On the day before the ceremony, Nahas Pasha and some of Saad Zaghloul's companions secretly visited the cemetery to ensure the safety of the remains. They were accompanied by Mahmoud Fahmy El-Nokrashy Pasha, Muhammad Hanfi Al-Tarzi Pasha, and the official in charge of Imam Shafi'i Cemetery. They wrapped the leader's body in silk cloth, placed it in a new coffin, and assigned guards to the site.

On the following morning, prominent figures, including Ahmed Maher Pasha, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Mahmoud Bey Bassioni, the Speaker of the Senate, arrived at the cemetery. Soon after, ministers, members of parliament, and other dignitaries joined the procession. The coffin was carried on a military carriage drawn by eight horses. The funeral procession made its way through Cairo, from Imam Shafi'i Cemetery to the mausoleum on Fulk Street. A large tent was erected near the mausoleum to accommodate high-ranking officials and mourners.

Nahas Pasha delivered a heartfelt speech honoring the leader, renewing the grief of those present. Tears flowed as the nation mourned the loss of its beloved leader. Egyptian newspapers, including the magazine "Al-Musawwar," extensively covered the event, highlighting the significance of returning Saad Zaghloul's remains to his final resting place.

The Importance of the House of the Nation Museum

The House of the Nation Museum serves as a vital cultural and historical center, reflecting Saad Zaghloul's significant role in modern Egyptian history. As a prominent leader who spearheaded the national liberation movement against British colonialism and played a pivotal role in founding the Wafd Party, a major force in Egyptian politics, Zaghloul left an enduring legacy.

Through the museum, visitors can gain a deep understanding of Egypt's struggle for independence and the central role played by Saad Zaghloul. It's a place that educates younger generations about Egypt's political history and inspires them to appreciate the sacrifices made by past leaders. Moreover, the museum serves as a bridge between the past and the present, fostering national consciousness and a deeper understanding of the concepts of independence and freedom.

Cultural and Educational Activities at the Museum

Despite being dedicated to the life and legacy of a single historical figure, the museum organizes various cultural and educational events to promote historical awareness. These activities include:

• Seminars and Workshops: The museum hosts interactive seminars and workshops for young people and students, shedding light on Saad Zaghloul's struggle against colonialism.
• Temporary Exhibitions: The museum occasionally organizes temporary exhibitions that highlight other aspects of Egyptian history or the broader Egyptian Revolution.
• Guided Tours: The museum offers guided tours for visitors to learn more about its contents and the history of Saad Zaghloul and the Wafd Party.

Conclusion

The House of the Nation Museum is a significant historical landmark in the heart of Cairo. It not only tells the story of Saad Zaghloul but also serves as a testament to Egypt's national struggle for independence and freedom. Through its collection of artifacts and documents, the museum offers visitors a unique opportunity to learn about this great national leader and the history of modern Egypt.